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GEOENGINEERING: PARTS I, II, AND III
HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION AND SECOND SESSION
NOVEMBER 5, 2009
FEBRUARY 4, 2010and MARCH 18, 2010
Serial No. 111–62Serial No. 111–75and Serial No. 111–88
Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology
(II)COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HON. BART GORDON, Tennessee, Chair JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California DAVID WU, Oregon BRIAN BAIRD, Washington BRAD MILLER, North Carolina DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio BEN R. LUJA ́N, New Mexico PAUL D. TONKO, New York STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey JIM MATHESON, Utah LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri BARON P. HILL, Indiana HARRY E. MITCHELL, Arizona CHARLES A. WILSON, Ohio KATHLEEN DAHLKEMPER, Pennsylvania ALAN GRAYSON, Florida SUZANNE M. KOSMAS, Florida GARY C. PETERS, Michigan JOHN GARAMENDI, California VACANCY RALPH M. HALL, Texas F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER JR., Wisconsin LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas DANA ROHRABACHER, California ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois W. TODD AKIN, Missouri RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas BOB INGLIS, South Carolina MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida BRIAN P. BILBRAY, California ADRIAN SMITH, Nebraska PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia PETE OLSON, Texas SUBCOMMITTEE ONENERGY ANDENVIRONMENTHON. BRIAN BAIRD, Washington, Chair JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona BEN R. LUJA ́N, New Mexico PAUL D. TONKO, New York JIM MATHESON, Utah LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky JOHN GARAMENDI, California BART GORDON, Tennessee BOB INGLIS, South Carolina ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois W. TODD AKIN, Missouri RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida RALPH M. HALL, Texas CHRIS KING Democratic Staff Director SHIMERE WILLIAMS Democratic Professional Staff Member ADAM ROSENBERG Democratic Professional Staff Member JETTA WONG Democratic Professional Staff Member ANNE COOPER Democratic Professional Staff Member ROBERT WALTHER Democratic Professional Staff Member DAN BYERS Republican Professional Staff Member TARA ROTHSCHILD Republican Professional Staff Member JANE WISE Research Assistant (III)C O N T E N T SGeoengineering: Assessing the Implications of Large-Scale Climate Intervention November 5, 2009Page Witness List ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2Hearing Charter …………………………………………………………………………………………
3Opening StatementsStatement by Representative Bart Gordon, Chairman, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ………………………………………..
11Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
12Statement by Representative Ralph M. Hall, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ………
13Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
13Prepared Statement by Representative Jerry F. Costello, Member, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ………………………..
14Prepared Statement by Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, Member, Com-mittee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ……………..
14Witnesses:Dr. Ken Caldeira, Professor of Environmental Science, Department of Global Ecology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Co-Author, Royal Society Report Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
16Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..1
7Professor John Shepherd, FRS, Professional Research Fellow in Earth System Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, and Chair, Royal Society Geoengineering Report Working Group Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
27Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
28Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
32Mr. Lee Lane, Co-Director, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) Geoengineering Project Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
33Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
34Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
43Dr. Alan Robock, Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental And Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
43Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
45Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
51Dr. James Fleming, Professor and Director, Science, Technology and Society Program, Colby College Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
68Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
72Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
79Discussion The Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo: Natural Solar Radiation Management ………..80Structuring a Research Initiative ……………………………………………………………..
80PageIVThe Potential Efficacy of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ………………………………..
82Research and Development Before Application ………………………………………….
83The Dire Need for Mitigation and Behavior Change ………………………………….
84The Need for a Multidisciplinary and Realistic Approach to Climate Change …………………………………………………………………………………………………
85The Challenge of International Collaboration ……………………………………………
87Agriculture and Livestock ………………………………………………………………………..
87The Power of Scientific Innovation ……………………………………………………………
89Geoengineering and Climate Simulations ………………………………………………….
90A Potential Role for NASA ……………………………………………………………………….
90Skepticism of Global Climate Change ……………………………………………………….
95Prioritizing Geoengineering Strategies ……………………………………………………..
97Needed International Agreements …………………………………………………………….
98More on Livestock Methane Output ………………………………………………………….
99The Need for Mitigation …………………………………………………………………………..
99Global Dimming and Risks of Stratospheric Injections ………………………………
100The Impact of Ingenuity and Behavior Change …………………………………………
100Climate Modeling Resources …………………………………………………………………….
101Appendix 1: Answers to Post-Hearing QuestionsDr. Ken Caldeira, Professor of Environmental Science, Department of Global Ecology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Co-Author, Royal Society Report ………………………………………………………………………………………….
109Professor John Shepherd, FRS, Professional Research Fellow in Earth System Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, and Chair, Royal Society Geoengineering Report Working Group ……………………..
110Mr. Lee Lane, Co-Director, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) Geoengineering Project …………………………………………………………………………….
114Dr. Alan Robock, Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental And Biological Sciences, Rutgers University …………………..
118Dr. James Fleming, Professor and Director, Science, Technology and Society Program, Colby College ……………………………………………………………………………
126Appendix 2: Additional Material for the RecordLetter to U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science and Tech-nology from ETC group, dated November 4, 2009 ……………………………………..
134C O N T E N T S Geoengineering II: The Scientific Basis and Engineering Challenges February 4, 2010Witness List ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
137Hearing Charter …………………………………………………………………………………………
138Opening StatementsStatement by Representative Brian Baird, Chairman, Subcommittee on En-ergy and Environment, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ……………………………………………………………………………………
144Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
144Statement by Representative Bob Inglis, Ranking Minority Member, Sub-committee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science and Tech-nology, U.S. House of Representatives ………………………………………………………
145Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
145PageVWitnesses:Dr. David Keith, Canada Research Chair in Energy and the Environment, Director, ISEEE Energy and Environmental Systems Group, University of Calgary Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
145Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
147Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….1
51Dr. Philip Rasch, Chief Scientist for Climate Science, Laboratory Fellow, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest Na-tional Laboratory Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
151Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
153Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
166Dr. Klaus Lackner, Department Chair, Earth and Environmental Engineer-ing, Ewing Worzel Professor of Geophysics, Columbia University Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
167Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
168Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
175Dr. Robert Jackson, Nicholas Chair of Global Environmental Change, Pro-fessor, Biology Department, Duke University Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
176Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
177Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
182Discussion Economic Costs of Geoengineering ……………………………………………………………
182Atmospheric Sulfate Injections …………………………………………………………………
183Land-Based Geoengineering ……………………………………………………………………..1
84Carbon Air Capture and Mineral Sequestration ………………………………………..
184Public Opinion and Education ………………………………………………………………….
185Political, Scientific, and Economic Challenges …………………………………………..185Skepticism of Climate Change ………………………………………………………………….
187The Scientific Basis of Climate Change …………………………………………………….195Chemical & Geological Carbon Uptake ……………………………………………………..
196Alternatives to Fossil Fuels ………………………………………………………………………
197The Successes of Protera LLC and the Need for Innovation ……………………….
197Increasing Structural Albedo ……………………………………………………………………200Alternative Fuels and Conservation Priorities …………………………………………..
200Coal and Carbon Capture and Sequestration …………………………………………….
202Economically Viable Energy Sources …………………………………………………………
203Closing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
204Appendix 1: Answers to Post-Hearing Questions Dr. David Keith, Canada Research Chair in Energy and the Environment, Director, ISEEE Energy and Environmental Systems Group, University of Calgary ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
206Dr. Philip Rasch, Chief Scientist for Climate Science, Laboratory Fellow, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest Na-tional Laboratory ……………………………………………………………………………………..
209Dr. Klaus Lackner, Department Chair, Earth and Environmental Engineer-ing, Ewing Worzel Professor of Geophysics, Columbia University ………………
214Dr. Robert Jackson, Nicholas Chair of Global Environmental Change, Pro-fessor, Biology Department, Duke University ……………………………………………
215Appendix 2: Additional Material for the Record Transcript of Discussion prior to the Formal Hearing Opening ……………………..
218PageVIC O N T E N T SGeoengineering III: Domestic and International Research Governance March 18, 2010Witness List ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
220Hearing Charter …………………………………………………………………………………………
221Opening StatementsStatement by Representative Bart Gordon, Chairman, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ………………………………………..
226Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
226Statement by Representative Ralph M. Hall, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ………
227Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
227Prepared Statement by Representative Jerry F. Costello, Member, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ………………………..
228Panel I:Hon. Phil Willis, MP, Chairman, Science and Technology Committee, United Kingdom House of Commons Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
229Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
232Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
234Discussion International Research Database ……………………………………………………………..
246The Future of Geoengineering Research in the U.K. ………………………………….
247Additional Opportunities for International Collaboration …………………………..
248Public Opinion of Geoengineering …………………………………………………………….
249The U.K. Inquiry Process …………………………………………………………………………
250Panel II:Dr. Frank Rusco, Director of Natural Resources and Environment, Govern-ment Accountability Office (GAO) Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
251Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
254Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
271Dr. Granger Morgan, Professor and Department Head, Department of Engi-neering and Public Policy, and Lord Chair Professor in Engineering, Car-negie Mellon University Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
272Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
274Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
295Dr. Jane Long, Deputy Principal Associate Director at Large and Fellow, Center for Global Strategic Research, Lawrence Livermore National Lab Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
296Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
297Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
309Dr. Scott Barrett, Lenfest Professor of Natural Resource Economics, School of International and Public Affairs and the Earth Institute at Columbia University Oral Statement …………………………………………………………………………………….
310Written Statement ………………………………………………………………………………..
312Biography …………………………………………………………………………………………….
320Discussion Initial Regulations …………………………………………………………………………………..
320A Potential Role for DOE and National Labs ……………………………………………
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